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List of khans of the Yarkent Khanate : ウィキペディア英語版
List of khans of the Yarkent Khanate

This a list of khans of the Yarkent Khanate (1514–1677).
==Said Khan successors- Moghul Khans of Yarkand Khanate (1465-1759)==

*Abdurashid Khan (in Aksu 1521–1533) 1533–1560, son of Sultan Said Khan. Died in 1560 in the age of 52.
*Abdul Karim Khan (Yarkand) 1560–1591, second son of Abdurashid Khan. Died in 1591 in the age of 63.
*Muhammad Khan (in Turfan 1588–1591) 1591–1610, 5th son of Abdurashid Khan, in 1603 was visited in Yarkand by Portuguese Jesuit Bento de Gois, who was searching land ways from India to Ming China, headed trade mission on behalf of Moghul Emperor of India Akbar the Great and had a Letter of Safe Conduct, granted by Akbar and addressed to Muhammad Khan, with him. Died in 1610 in the age of 72.
*Shudja ad-Din Ahmad Khan 1610-1618, son of Muhammad Khan, grandson of Abdurashid Khan, was killed in 1618 during hunting.
*Kuraysh Sultan 1618, son of Yunus Sultan, grandson of Abdurashid Khan, ruled only 9 days before he was killed.
*Abd al-Latif (Afak) Khan 1618–1630, second son of Shudja ad-Din Ahmad Khan, who was only 13 when was set up on khanship, died in 1630 in the age of 25.
*Sultan Ahmad Khan (Pulat Khan) (in Aksu 1617-1630, since age of 4) 1630-1633, first son of Timur Sultan, who was the first son of Shuja ad-Din Ahmad Khan and died in 1615.
*Mahmud Sultan (Qilich Khan) 1633–1636, second son of Timur Sultan, died in the age of 22 when was poisoned in 1636 by Khoja Yahiya (died in 1646 in the age of 63), son of Khoja Ishak Wali (died in 1599 in the age of 94), founder of ''Ishakiyya ''branch of ''Nakshbandi Khojagan'' Sufi Order, followers of which were known as Kara Taghliks.
*Sultan Ahmad Khan (Pulat Khan) 1636-1638, restored on khanship with help of Kara Taghlik leader Khoja Yahiya, who was granted village ''Guma'' near Khotan by Sultan Ahmad Khan, resigned in 1638 on demands of Kashgar and Yarkand emirs in favor of Abdullah Khan, died in 1640 in the age of 27.
*Abdullah Khan (in Turfan 1634/5-1638/9) 1638–1669, the eldest son of Abduraim Khan, grandson of Abdurashid Khan. During his reign ''Baghistan'' in Ili River Valley of former Moghulistan ( with tomb of Tughluk Timur Khan, founder of Moghul Dynasty in 1347, in Almalik near Ghulja) was lost to Dzungar Khan Erdeni Batur (1634-1653) in 1651, who created Dzungar Khanate in 1634 under Choros nobility, after former Confederation of 4 Kalmyk tribes ( ''Khoit, Khoshut, Choros and Torghut'' ) collapsed in Dzungaria in 1628. Abdullah Khan was expelled by Kashgar and Yarkand ''Beks'' to India in 1669, where he was received by Moghul Emperor Aurangzeb, who arranged his Hajj to Mecca and provided all supplies, died on October 30, 1675 in India in the age of 67, buried in Agra.
*Nur ad-Din Sultan ( in Aksu 1649-1667) 1667-1668 in Kashgar and Yengisar, the youngest son of Abdullah Khan, died in 1668 in the age of 31 due to heavy drinking, reigned one year with help of the ''Kara Yanchuks '', mercenaries from Dzungars and Kyrgyz tribes, who were first recruited on service in Yarkand Khanate during last years of reigning of Abdullah Khan.
*Ismail Khan (in Chalish 1666-1669, in Aksu 1669–1670) 1669, the 5th son of Abduraim Khan, grandson of Abdurashid Khan, disciple of Kara Taghlik leader Khoja Ubaidullah (Khoja Shadi), son of Khoja Yahiya, was declared a Khan in Aksu after Abdullah Khan fled to India.
*YuIbars Khan ( In Kashgar 1638-1667, since age of 8) 1669–1670, the eldest son of Abdullah Khan, disciple of Ak Taghlik leader Khoja Mohammad Yusuf (son of Khoja Kalon who died in 1598 and was founder of ''Ishkiya'' branch of ''Nakshbandi Khojagan'' Sufi Order, followers of which were known as Aktaghliks) and his son Appak Khoja, during his reign positions of Ak Taghliks in Yarkand Khanate greatly increased, was killed in 1670 by Dzungar supporter Erka Bek, main controller of Dzungar Khan Sengge (1653-1671) in Yarkand, in the age of 40.
*Abd al Latif Sultan 1670, son of Yulbars Khan, who was set up on khanship by Ak Taghliks, was killed in the same 1670 by Kara Taghliks with all other sons of Yulbars Khan.
*Ismail Khan 1670-1678, restored on April 2, 1670 by Kara Taghliks, expelled Appak Khoja and his son Yahia Khoja from the country in 1670, in 1678 was captured by Dzungars in Yarkand ( they were invited into the country by Ak Taghlik leader Appak Khoja who used for this recommendation letter from 5th Dalai Lama with whom he met in exile), died in Ili River Valley ( ''Baghistan'') in 1680 in the age of 56.
*Abd ar-Rashid Khan II 1680-1682 (1678–1680 in Kumul), the eldest son of Sultan Said Baba Khan, set up on khanship by Dzungar Galdan (1671-1697), who came to Yarkand with Appak Khoja and was rewarded by him with 4,000 pcs of fine clothes and 100,000 silver coins (''tangas'') for military help. In 1682, Abd ar-Rashid Khan II was sent to Ili under escort by Dzungars, who reacted on complaint of Appak.Khoja to Galdan against Abd ar-Rashid Khan II and again were generously rewarded by him. Abd ar-Rashid Khan II fled to Beijing with his son Sultan and surrendered to the Kangxi Emperor in 1696 after Galdan's collapse.
*Muhammad Amin Khan 1682-1692 (1680-1682 in Turfan), second son of Sultan Said Baba Khan. After his oldest brother Abd ar-Rashid Khan II was expelled, Muhammad Amin Khan was recalled from Turpan and elected a Khan on Kurultai of Kashgar and Yarkand Begs. In 1692 issued state Order (''Yarlik'' ) about expelling Appak Khoja and his son Yahiya Khoja from his country. In response, Appak Khoja swore to exterminate all descendants of Chengiz Khan in the country and collected troops of his disciples. In decisive battle near Kargilik in 1692 most Muhammad Imin Khan's troops deserted him and joined Khojas. Muhammad Amin Khan fled to the mountains where he was killed.
*Appak Khoja 1692–1694, died in 1694. In 1692 set up his regime in Yarkand and Kashgar ( was declared an absolute ruler in Yarkand royal palace ''Altunluk'' with its 9 gates that led to the Hall of Reception, while his son Yahia Khoja was nominally declared a Khan) after the death of Muhammad Amin Khan, expelled Kara Taghlik leader Khoja Daniyal into Kashmir.
*Yahiya Khoja (in Kashgar 1690-1692) 1694–1695, son of Appak Khoja, set up on khanship by Appak Khoja, killed in 1695 by Hanim Padsha.
*Hanim Padsha (Hanum Padshah) 1695, sister of Muhammad Imin Khan, widow of Appak Khoja, was killed in 1695.
*Muhammad Mumin Khan( Akbash Khan) 1695-1705, the youngest son of Sultan Said Baba Khan, great-grandson of Abdurashid Khan, disciple of Kara Taghliks, recalled Kara Taghlik leader Khoja Daniyal (died in 1735) from exile to resist Ak Taghliks and Dzungars, fled to India in 1705.
''The remnants of the state fell to two different rival branches of Khojas- Ak Taghliks and Kara Taghliks. Aqtaghlyq branch of Khojas, a confederation under the influence of the Dzungars, took power in Kashgar where Ahmad Khoja, son of Yahiya Khoja, was declared a Khan. In Yarkand Kara Taghliks took power with Khoja Daniyal being declared a Khan, that caused civil war between Kashgar and Yarkand.''

''In 1713 remnant of Yarkant Khanate - Altishar ( union of 6 cities, it included Kashgar, Yarkand, Khotan, Uchturpan, Aksu and Kucha)-became dependency of Dzungar Khanate under Tsewang Rabtan (1697-1727), paying annual tribute from all 6 cities in amount of one silver tanga from soul, for Yarkand it was established in amount of 100,000 silver tangas, for Kashgar-67,000 silver tangas, this time Kara Taghliks were established by Dzungars to be responsible for collecting tribute. In exchange, Tsewang Rabtan appointed Khoja Daniyal in 1720 a ruler of Altishar with obligation to deliver tribute to Dzungar capital in Kainuk (near present day Ghulja in Ili River Valley ) annually in person. Next Dzungar Khan Galdan Tseren (1727-1745) confirmed rights of Khoja Daniyal, but increased tribute, as result taxes, collected by Kara Taghlik Khojas in Altishar in favor of Dzungar Khanate, reached 55% of income of peasants, artisans and traders in Altishar. Increased taxes were caused by growing military expenses of 100,000 Dzungar Army that was involved in military conflicts with all neighbors of Dzungar Khanate, including Russian troops in Siberia. In 1752 Altishar restored its independence after revolt against Dzungar Khanate under leadership of Kara Taghlik leader Khoja Yusup, son of Khoja Daniyal. Khoja Yusup took advantage from struggle for power between Dzungar princes after death of Galdan Tseren in 1745, when 2 of his sons, Ajan (1745-1749) and Lama Darji (1749-1752), were killed within 7 years after short khanships and 2 nephews, Dawachi (1752-1755) and Amursana (1755-1756), came into struggle for power after that. Khoja Yusup arrested all pro-Dzungar Beks in Altishar, expelled all Dzungars from the country and stopped tribute payments to Dzungar Khanate in 1752. In May 1755 sons of Ahmad Khoja and great-grandsons of Appak Khoja, Ak Taghliks Burhan ad-Din Khoja and Jahan Khoja, were rescued by Qings troops in Ili River Valley from Dzungar's captivity (which were sent here originally by the Qianlong Emperor on demand of Amursana, who asked the Manchu emperor to aid him to overthrow Dawachi from Dzungar Khanate's reign) and sent to Altishar to claim mandate of Qing China for the country. Burhan ad-Din Khoja sent letter with ultimatum of surrender to Kara Taghlik leader Khoja Jahan, the eldest son of Khoja Daniyal, who was declared a Khan of Altishar after death of Khoja Yusup in 1755. In his letter Burhan ad-Din Khoja claimed that he was appointed a ruler of Altishar by new Dzungar Khan Amursana ( old Dzungar Khan Dawachi fled to Uchturpan after losing battle to Qing troops in Baghistan (Ili River Valley) where he was captured with his son Lodja Noyon by Burhan ad-Din Khoja's people in July 1755, then handed over to Qing troops in Ili on August 1 1755, Qings delivered him to Beijing for imprisonment on November 20 1755) and Amursana in turn was appointed a Dzungar Khan by the Qianlong Emperor, so Khoja Jahan must return to Amursana all taxes that Kara Taghliks collected in Altishar for several years since 1752 and beg him for his life and lives of all relatives after that. Khoja Jahan burnt out letter of Burhan ad-Din Khoja after reading it to the people during military council in the royal palace Altunluk in Yarkand and declared a total war against Ak Taghliks. In ensuing bloody war Ak Taghlik brothers emerged victorious and established full control of Altishar in January 1756 but refused to submit to Qings after that. They killed Qing China emissary Amintu with 100 Manchu troops in Kucha on July 2 1757, who was sent to Altishar to determine the sizes of tribute and taxes to be paid by each city monthly and annually to Qing China and also terms of sending of peasants (Taranchis) to Ili River Valley, where headquarters of Qing Army in occupied territory of New Line ( Xinjiang ) were located, for cultivation of land and providing food for troops, the practice, that was previously employed by Dzungars since 1713. So, the war between Altishar and Qing China became imminent. In the end of 1759 Altishar was conquered by Qing China (with both Ak Taghlik Khojas having been killed on October 17 1759 after fierce 2-years fighting with conquering Qing Army since spring 1758), that created province Nanlu (Southern Road) on its territory in 1760, while province Beilu (Northern Road) was created on the territory of former Dzungar Khanate, that was exterminated by Qing China during military campaigns in 1756-1757 . It happened after last Dzungar Khan Amursana rebelled in October 1755 against Qing troops, which refused to leave occupied Ili River Valley, and massacred most of them, also he recognized that was deceived by the Qianlong Emperor and will never be let to rule the whole Dzungar Khanate and decided to oppose Qing plans to liquidate Dzungar Khanate with dividing Dzungaria into 4 administrative districts with separate Dzungar chieftains in each. In response, the Qianlong Emperor sent a 200,000-strong Qing army to Dzungaria in the spring of 1756 with order to quell rebellion by any means. Because resistance of Dzungars wasn't stopped and only increased, the Qianlong Emperor ordered to Military Council in Beijing on March 23 1757 to take decisive actions against " Thieves and Criminals" and approved offer of Commander-in-chief of Qing Army in Dzungaria Zhao Hui to eliminate the whole Dzungar nation till last baby. Dzungaria was devastated during 1756-1758 with total loss of population up to 1,000 000 ( 40% of which fled, 30% were killed in actions and 30% died due to epidemic of smallpox, that started in 1757 and spread throughout all corners of Dzungaria ), completely depopulated and later colonized by migrants from different parts of China. Amursana fled to Russia where later he died due to illness, after that his dead body was handed over to Qings by Russian authorities.''

抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア(Wikipedia)
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